Energy Yield from Glycolysis

Despite the production of some ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis, the end product, pyruvate or lactate, still contains most of the energy originally contained in glucose. The TCA cycle is required to release that energy completely .
1. Anaerobic glycolysis: A net of two molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of glucose converted to two molecules of lactate (Fig.1). There is no net production or consumption of NADH.

Figure 1: Summary of anaerobic glycolysis. Reactions involving the production or consumption of ATP or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are indicated. The three irreversible reactions of glycolysis are shown with thick arrows. DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate; ADP = adenosine diphosphate; P = phosphate.
2. Aerobic glycolysis: The generation of ATP is the same as in anaerobic glycolysis (that is, a net gain of two ATP per molecule of glucose). Two molecules of NADH are also produced per molecule of glucose. Ongoing aerobic glycolysis requires the oxidation of most of this NADH by the ETC, producing three ATP for each NADH molecule entering the chain . [Note: NADH cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane, and substrate shuttles are required .

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Biotechnology and Human Disease