Grammar
Tenses
Present
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Irrealis and aspect
المؤلف:
R.M.W. Dixon
المصدر:
A Semantic approach to English grammar
الجزء والصفحة:
222-7
2023-03-28
1231
The aspectual parameters perfective/imperfective and actual/previous—described above for present and past realis—also apply for irrealis status, marked by a modal. For example (illustrating with verb live):
The exceptions appear to be that modal can and semi-modal is able to are not used with imperfective or with previous aspect. That is, one would not say, for example, *can be doing, or *is able to have done; could is used instead—could be doing, could have done.
However, past tense does not apply to irrealis when expressed by a modal (save for the scheduled activity modal, be to), except in the context of back-shifting.
Modals and semi-modals differ in that a modal cannot follow another verb, whereas a semi-modal may occur anywhere within a sequence of verbs. A further difference is that semi-modals behave like regular verbs in showing present and past forms; thus, alongside has to live, has to have lived, etc., we get had to live, had to have lived, etc. Notwithstanding these grammatical differences, modals and semi-modals are linked to the same set of modal categories, within irrealis status.
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاب (سر الرضا) ضمن سلسلة (نمط الحياة)
