Sensitive and simple characterization of a cell’s chemotactic ability is necessary for efficient study of the phenomenon. One straightforward assay is the motility plates or swarm plates developed by Adler. In one application, the medium in these plates contains the usual salts necessary for cell growth, a low concentration of galactose, and a concentration of agar such that the medium has the consistency of vichyssoise. Five hours after a drop of chemotactic cells is placed in the center, the plate will contain a ring about two centimeters in diameter surrounding many of the cells that remain where they were spotted. The ring expands outward with time and ultimately reaches the edge of the plate. Usually, a second ring also forms and moves behind the first.

The origin of the rings is straightforward. Sensitive chemical tests show that the cells spotted in the center of the plate gradually consume the galactose where they are placed (Fig.1), but just beyond the edge of the spot, galactose remains at its original concentration. That is, the consumption of galactose creates a concentration gradient in galactose at the edge of the spot. The bacteria on the edge of the spot detect this gradient, swim toward higher galactose concentrations, and, at the same time, consume the galactose in the new position. Consequently, the cells move outward pursuing and consuming the galactose. The second ring that forms on the galactose plates derives from bacteria utilizing their endogenous energy sources to swim toward oxygen. If tryptone medium is substituted for galactose salts medium, then multiple rings form, the first ring from bacteria swimming toward the most active attractant, the second toward a second attractant, and so on. In this case also, one of the rings is formed by bacteria pursuing oxygen.

Fig1. The concentrations of galactose and cells as a function of distance r from the center of the plate several hours after spotting cells.

The capillary tube assay is more sensitive and quantitative than the swarm plate assay. Instead of requiring the bacteria to produce their own gradient of attractant concentration, the gradient is produced by diffusion of the substrate. A short capillary tube is filled with medium containing an attractant and is sealed at one end. The open end is pushed into a drop of medium lacking attractant but containing cells, and the tube is allowed to rest there an hour. As attractant diffuses out of the mouth of the capillary, a gradient of attractant is produced in the region (Fig. 2). The chemotactic bacteria in the drop near the capillary end detect and swim up the gradient a short distance into the capillary. At the end of the assay the capillary tube is removed, rinsed from the outside, and the bacteria inside are blown out into a tube. These are diluted and plated on petri plates. Since the number of bacteria having entered the capillary can be accurately measured by counting the number of colonies on the plates after incubation, the chemotactic ability of the cells can be quantitated. Typically less than 100 nonmotile bacteria enter the capillary. Several thousand motile but nonchemotactic bacteria normally enter a capillary with or without attractant, and as many as 500,000 chemotactic bacteria will enter a capillary tube that contains attractant.

Fig2. Diagram of the capillary tube assay in which the capillary is inserted in a drop of medium in a petri plate, a top view showing diffusion out of a capillary to generate a gradient, and the effective concentration as a function of position of the attractant after several hours of diffusion.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

How Cells Swim

Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis

Lambda Phage Assembly: Formation of the Tail

Lambda Phage Assembly: Packaging the DNA and Formation of the cos Ends

Lambda Phage Assembly: The Head Assembly Sequence and Host Proteins

Lambda Phage Assembly: The Geometry of Capsids

Determining Details of Local Ribosomal Structure

Experiments with in vitro Ribosome Assembly

The Global Structure of Ribosomes

RNAse and Ribosomes

Assaying for Sequence Requirements of Gene Rearrangements

The D Regions in H Chains