Complications of Influenza virus
المؤلف:
Baijayantimala Mishra
المصدر:
Textbook of Medical Virology
الجزء والصفحة:
2nd Edition , p162-163
2025-10-16
292
Acute otitis media, croup and pneumonia are common complications in children. Pneumonia in seasonal influenza strains is commonly seen in elderly or children. Individuals with underlying cardiac diseases are more prone to severe diseases. Influenza virus can cause primary viral pneumonia or there can be secondary bacterial pneumonia.
Primary viral pneumonia usually starts abruptly after onset of influenza-like illness. It progresses rapidly within a few hours, with increase in shortness of breath, tachycardia, high fever, hypotension and hypoxemia. Chest radiograph shows bilateral involvement with features of acute respiratory distress syndrome without consolidation. Bilateral lungs involvement is seen in chest radiograph. The disease does not respond to antibiotics and mortality is high. Figures 1 and 2a and b show the histopathology and radiological picture of H1N1 pneumonia, respectively.
Fig1. Histopathology of lungs with H1N1 virus pneumonia showing hyaline membrane formation in alveolar duct and space. Image Courtesy: Dr Amanjit Bal, Professor, Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh
Fig2. (a) Chest radiograph showing ill-defined bilateral lower and midzone air-space patchy opacities due to H1N1 influenza pneumonia; (b) Lung windows of CT thorax showing bilateral multi-focal patchy, rounded consolidation without any lobar distribution
Secondary bacterial pneumonia commonly occurs in elderly or individuals with under lying cardiopulmonary disorders and typically occurs with a short phase of improvement from influenza-like illness. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are the common bacteria involved. Symptoms start with fever, cough with sputum production and progress for consolidation.
Myositis, myocarditis, pericarditis and Guillain-Barré syndrome have also been reported as complications of influenza.
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