Adenoviruses (Table 1) are medium-sized (70 to 90 nm), icosahedral, nonenveloped, double-stranded, linear DNA viruses. This virus was first isolated from cultures of human adenoids and tonsils in the early 1950s, hence the name adenovirus. The adenoviruses belong to the family Adenoviridae and are widely distributed in nature. However, only members of the genus Mastadenovirus cause human infection. Currently, 52 serotypes of human adenoviruses have been described. Most human disease is associated with one third of the viral types. These types are then divided into seven species, A through G, with species B subdivided into two subspecies; virus serotypes are then numbered within the species classification. The viruses can cause a broad range of disease in humans. Respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases are the most common clinical manifestation associated with adenovirus infection.

Table1. Adenoviruses

Adenoviruses cause less than 5% of all acute respiratory disease in the general population, however, they account for up to 18% of respiratory infections in children. By the age of 10, most children have been exposed to and infected with at least one of the adeno virus species. In addition, adenovirus serotypes 40 and 41 cause gastroenteritis in infants and young children, and other serotypes are associated with conjunctivitis and keratitis. Although respiratory and gastrointestinal dis eases are most common, disseminated disease in multiple organ systems may develop in compromised hosts.

Transmission of the virus may occur as an aerosolized droplet or maybe airborne. Respiratory disease caused by adenovirus is usually acquired through contact with contaminated respiratory secretions, stool, and fomites. The virus is very stable and can remain viable for weeks at variable temperatures on surfaces and in solution. The incubation period for respiratory disease is 2 to 14 days. Common upper respiratory tract infections caused by adenovirus include colds, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever, and sometimes croup (viral infection of the larynx). Infections of the eye and conjunctivitis often accompany respiratory infection, and in children, otitis media (ear infection) is often a complication of the respiratory disease. Lower respiratory tract infections can be quite severe in children, and adenovirus pneumonia is often fatal in infants and young children.

A unique feature of the adenoviruses is the ability to cause severe, acute respiratory disease epidemics in military recruits, often resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. A highly effective vaccine to control the outbreaks was developed for serotypes 4 and 7 and administered to recruits from 1971 to 1996. Once the vaccination program was discontinued, the outbreaks resumed. The current adenovirus contains live serotypes 4 and 7 and is approved for military personnel between the ages of 17 and 50. In addition to the reemergence of epidemics, the emergence of a new, unusually severe lower respiratory tract infection caused by adenovirus type 14 has been identified in healthy individuals of all ages in several areas of the United States.

Adenoviruses can be detected from respiratory secretions or stool in cell culture using various epithelial cell lines, such as A-549, HEp-2, and He-La cells. Growth is usually apparent in 2 to 5 days. Adenovirus produces a characteristic grapelike cluster cytopathic effect (CPE). Viral confirmation follow-up is performed using an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique or enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Nucleic acid testing for adenovirus is becoming more popular because of the s’ detection time and the increased sensitivity over traditional cell culture. Rapid cell culture (i.e., shell vials) using centrifugation reduces detection time but is less sensitive than tube culture.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Papillomaviruses

Arenaviruses

Viral Serology: Immune Status Testing

Structure and Function of Hemagglutinin

Structure and Composition of influenza viruses

Filoviruses Diseases

Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Viral Serology :General Principles

Virus detection methods: Cell Culture

Virus detection methods: Molecular Detection Using Nucleic Acid Probes and Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays

Virus detection methods: Immunodiagnosis (Antigen Detection)

Arenavirus diseases