Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Clauses
Part of Speech
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Direct and Indirect speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
Composite structure
المؤلف:
Vyvyan Evans and Melanie Green
المصدر:
Cognitive Linguistics an Introduction
الجزء والصفحة:
C17-P591
2026-02-23
37
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20
Composite structure
Langacker applies the same theory of valence to complex words as he does to phrases. We have already seen that stems and affixes are described in terms of autonomy and dependence, and that category-changing or inflectional grammatical morphemes can be analysed as profile determinants. Constituency or composite structure within words is thus accounted for in terms of correspondences between (semantically) autonomous and dependent units, and these correspondences are accounted for in terms of elaboration.
For example, the agentive nominal suffix -er is a semantically (and phono logically) dependent profile determinant which has a schematic PROCESS as its TR. This schematic PROCESS is elaborated by the stem (e.g. teach), which is semantically (and phonologically) autonomous. In several respects, the relationship between the dependent head and the autonomous stem is rather like the relationship between the dependent head and the autonomous complement within phrases, where the dependent head requires additional structure to complete its meaning. In contrast, the derviational prefix un- in unlikely or unlovable, while both semantically and phonologically dependent, is not a profile determinant. While this prefix also requires a semantically autonomous stem to elaborate its schematic TR (a schematic STATE), it does not head the resulting construction. In this respect, the prefix behaves more like a modifier within a phrase: it is a dependent unit that adds additional information to an autonomous head. As this discussion illustrates, word structure mirrors phrase structure in a number of important respects, an idea that is also influential in formal morphological theory (see Spencer 1991).
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
