

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences

Clauses

Part of Speech


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners

Direct and Indirect speech


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The noun phrase
المؤلف:
Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva
المصدر:
The Genesis of Grammar
الجزء والصفحة:
P279-C6
2026-03-21
34
The noun phrase
We now turn to recursion in human languages. As we observed above, recursion in its paradigm manifestations presupposes either noun modification or clause subordination. Whenever either of these is present then there is at least simple recursion. Accordingly, in order to reconstruct the genesis of recursion it suffices to show how noun modification or clause subordination arise.
Within the noun phrase, recursion can be described on the one hand in the form of a taxonomic relation hypernym–hyponym, on the other hand it can—in accordance with (1b)—be represented by means of a formula as in (9), where the category to the left of the arrow is the inclusive taxon and the one to the right of the arrow is the included taxon. Accordingly, whenever there is a rule like (9) there is at least simple recursion, and our concern is with showing how such rules evolve.
(9) N → N [modifier]
As we argued in “Taxonomic concepts”, recursion within the noun phrase is contingent on certain conceptual structures which we referred to as hierarchical taxonomic relations. Each of these relations tends to be associated with specific linguistic encoding structures; Table 6.1 lists the ones that are perhaps, crosslinguistically, most common.

The kinds of linguistic constructions that we will be confined to are attributive possession (or genitive constructions) (“Attributive possession”), modifying compounding (“Modifying compounding”), and adjectival modification (“Adjectival modification”). Finally, there is another common construction conforming to (9), namely relative clauses, which we will return to in “Clause subordination” While there are considerable crosslinguistic differences in the way these relationships are encoded, all languages that we are familiar with have some recursive form of grammatical expressions at least for some of these relationships.
الاكثر قراءة في Phrases
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)