Grammaticalization of a switch-reference enclitic
One switch-reference enclitic,-whyume (pronounced as-hyume in rapid speech) ‘after. S(ame) S(ubject)’ is derived from a stative (SO) verb whyume ‘be over, be last.18 Chart 4 shows the two stages of its grammaticalization: from a full verb to an enclitic. Unlike stative verbs which become grammaticalized as Aktionsart enclitics (Chart 2),-whyume is not used in serial verb constructions. Its gram maticalization is more straightforward since it involves only two stages.
In (30) the same root is used as a switch-reference enclitic. In rapid speech it undergoes phonological reduction and metathesis in the first syllable and is pronounced as-hyume, or-yuhme.
One predicate can contain two different enclitics which both come from grammaticalized verb compounded structures. In (31), one is Aktionsart-hala, and the other switch-reference-whyume. The latter occupies the final position.
The grammaticalization of the switch-reference same-subject enclitic from an independent SO verb involves a certain degree of semantic specification in the change of meaning from the full verb (‘be over, be last’) to the enclitic (‘after’).
This enclitic is very frequently used. Unlike Aktionsart enclitics with a corresponding verb (Table 2), whyume is used as an independent verb and as an enclitic with the same frequency.
