Using Volumetric Equipment

Volume markings are blazed on clean volumetric equipment by the manufacturer. An equal degree of cleanliness is needed in the laboratory if these markings are to have their stated meanings. Only clean glass surfaces support a uniform film of liquid. Dirt or oil causes breaks in this film, so if breaks are present, the surface is almost certainly dirty.

Cleaning

A brief soaking in a warm detergent solution is usually sufficient to remove the grease and dirt responsible for water breaks. Prolonged soaking should be avoided because a rough area or ring is likely to develop at a detergent/air interface. This ring cannot be removed and causes a film break that destroys the usefulness of the equipment.

After being cleaned, the apparatus must be thoroughly rinsed with tap water and then with three or four portions of distilled water. It is seldom necessary to dry volumetric ware.

Avoiding Parallax

The top surface of a liquid confined in a narrow tube exhibits a marked curvature, or meniscus. It is common practice to use the bottom of the meniscus as the point of reference in calibrating and using volumetric equipment. This minimum can be established more exactly by holding an opaque card or piece of paper behind the  graduations. In reading volumes, the eye must be at the level of the liquid surface to avoid an error due to parallax. Parallax is a condition that causes the volume to appear smaller than its actual value if the meniscus is viewed from above and larger if the meniscus is viewed from below (see Figure 1).

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Figure 1 Reading a buret. (a) The student reads the buret from a position above a line perpendicular to the buret and makes a reading (b) of 12.58 mL. (c) The student reads the buret from a position along a line perpendicular to the buret and makes a reading (d) of 12.62 mL. (e) The student reads the buret from a position below a line perpendicular to the buret and makes a reading (f ) of 12.67 mL. To avoid the problem of parallax, buret readings should be made consistently along a line perpendicular to the buret, as shown in (c) and (d)

مواضيع ذات صلة

الشكل الوضعي للسكريات الأحادية configuration of monosaccharides

نظام استخلاص الجزئيات البسيطة

اختيار الطور الجديد وعدد مرات الاستخلاص

ميكانيكية الاستخلاص

طبيعة الصنف المستخلص

الاستخلاص بالمذيب

امتصاص الشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي وطيف الامتصاص

الطرق الكيميائية الطيفية في التحليل.

طبيعة الكيمياء التحليلية

التحليل بالحقن الجرياني المتقطع Batch flow injection analysis

الحقن الجرياني متعدد التخفيف Multi-commutation in FIA

التحليل بالحقن المتعاقب Sequential Injection Analysis