Read More
Date: 16-12-2019
1805
Date: 25-7-2018
1601
Date: 25-7-2018
1449
|
Amino acids form polymers through a nucleophilic attack by the amino group of an amino acid at the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the carboxyl group of another amino acid. The carboxyl group of the amino acid must first be activated to provide a better leaving group than OH-. (We will discuss this activation by ATP later in the course.) The resulting link between the amino acids is an amide link which biochemists call a peptide bond. In this reaction, water is released. In a reverse reaction, the peptide bond can be cleaved by water (hydrolysis).
When two amino acids link together to form an amide link, the resulting structure is called a dipeptide. Likewise, we can have tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and other polypeptides. At some point, when the structure is long enough, it is called a protein. There are many different ways to represent the structure of a polypeptide or protein, each showing differing amounts of information.
Figure: Different Representations of a Polypeptide (Heptapeptide)
Figure: Amino Acids React to Form Proteins
(Note: above picture represents the amino acid in an unlikely protonation state with the weak acid protonated and the weak base deprotonated for simplicity in showing removal of water on peptide bond formation and the hydrolysis reaction.) Proteins are polymers of twenty naturally occurring amino acids. In contrast, nucleic acids are polymers of just 4 different monomeric nucleotides. Both the sequence of a protein and its total length differentiate one protein from another. Just for an octapeptide, there are over 25 billion different possible arrangements of amino acids. Compare this to just 65536 different oligonucleotides of 8 monomeric units (8mer). Hence the diversity of possible proteins is enormous.
|
|
الآثار الجانبية لأدوية تستخدم في علاج "ألزهايمر" تثير الجدل
|
|
|
|
|
اكتشاف سر نجاة "مخلوقات أبدية" من انفجارات الإشعاع القاتلة
|
|
|
|
قسم المعارف يصدر تحديثًا جديدًا لتطبيقه الإلكتروني
|
|
اللّجنة المشرفة على حفل التخرّج المركزي تناقش استعداداتها النهائيّة
|
|
موكب أهالي كربلاء يهدي ممثل المرجعية العليا درعا تثمينا للمساهمات الفاعلة والمساندة لإنجاح الفعاليات التي يقيمها خلال المناسبات الدينية
|
|
مراحل متقدمة من الإنجاز يشهدها مشروع مركز الشلل الدماغي في بابل
|