4:12:21 
2023-08-21 
517
Name
The Surah takes its name from the two letters of the alphabet with which it begins.
Period of Revelation
A study of the style shows that it was either sent down during the last stage of the middle Makkan period or it is one of those Surahs which were sent down during the last stage of the Holy Prophet's stay at Mecca.
Subject Matter and Theme
The object of the discourse is to warn the Quraish of the consequences of not believing in the Prophethood of Muhammad (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and of resisting and opposing it with tyranny ridicule and mockery. The aspect of the warning is dominant and conspicuous although along with repeatedly giving the warnings arguments also have been given for the correct understanding by the people.
Arguments have been given for three things:
(1) For tawhid from the signs of the universe and from common sense; (2) for the Hereafter from the signs of the universe from common sense and from man's own existence itself; and (3) for the Prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad from the fact that he was facing all kinds of hardships in the preaching of his message without any selfish motive and from this that whatever he was inviting the people to was rational and reasonable accepting which was in the people's own interest.
On the strength of these arguments themes of reprobation reproof and warning have been presented repeatedly in a highly forceful manner so that hearts are shaken up and those which have any capacity for accepting the truth left in them should not remain unmoved.
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